三级英语笔译实务考试试题(一)

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  • 1. obal IndustrializationIndustrialization changed the world. Few places on earth have escaped its impact. However, the nature of the impact varies from place to place. Understanding the global consequences of industrialization requires an understanding of how industrialization differed in each place.
    Industrialization is always initially a regional, not a national, phenomenon as demonstrated by the long industrial lag of the American South. Many other parts of Western Europe plus the United States followed Britain in the early 19th century. A few other European regions -- Sweden, Holland, northern Italy -- began serious industrialization only at mid-century. The next big wave of new industrialization, beginning around the 1880s, embraced Russia and Japan. A final round (to present) included the rapid industrialization of the rest of the Pacific Rim (especially South Korea and Taiwan) by the 1960s.
    Various factors shaped the nature of industrialization in each place. In Britain, for example, industrialization succeeded when it depended on individual inventors and relatively small companies. It began to lag, however, in the corporate climate of the later 19th century. In contrast, Germany surged forward when industrialization featured larger organizations, more impersonal management structures, and collaborative research rather than artisan-tinkerers. In Germany, the state was also more directly involved in industrialization than in Britain.
    French industrialization emphasized updated craft products. This reflected not only earlier national specialties, but also less adequate resources in coal, a factor that held heavy industry back. Furniture workers, for example, used pre-set designs to turn out furniture quickly, but they resented dilutions of their artistic skill. The United States´ industrialization depended on immigrant labor. Unlike Germany, however, the United States introduced laws that combated businesses big enough to throttle competition, though the impact of these laws was uneven. The United States with its huge market also pioneered the new economic stage of mass consumerism that ultimately had a worldwide impact.
    The consequences of industrialization are, ultimately, global. By the early 19th century, Europe´s factories pushed back more traditional manufacturing in areas like Latin America and India. At the same time, industrial centers sought new food resources and raw materials, prompting these sectors to expand in places like Chile and Brazil.
    Gradually, however, other societies copied industrialization or at least developed an independent industrial sector. Much of 20th-century world history, in fact, involves efforts by societies like India, China, Iran, or Brazil to reduce their dependence on imports and mount a selective export operation through industry. Industrialization´s environmental impact has also been international. Industrialization quickly affected local water and air quality around factories. Industrial demands for agricultural products, like robber, caused deforestation and soil changes in places like Brazil. These patterns have accelerated as industrial growth has spread more widely, creating modern issues such as global warming. The world impact of industrialization, in these senses, remains an unfinished story as the 21st century begins.
    Given the global impact of industrialization, it is increasingly important that we understand its nature and its consequences. Whereas the impact of industrialization is easy to understand on a personal level -- how it affects where and how we work or live our lives -- it is more difficult to understand its nature on a global level, particularly when its global pattern is so complex. History provides a means toward this understanding. By understanding the causes, the variations, and the historic consequences of the Industrial Revolution, we can better understand our present circumstances and, hopefully, shape future industrializations for the good.
  • 1. 在人类发展进步的壮阔征程上,中国与世界各国结伴前行。今年是中国改革开放40周年。40年来,我们历经风雨,砥砺前行,走出了一条中国特色社会主义道路。这条道路,给中国带来了翻天覆地的变化。40年来,7亿多人口摆脱绝对贫困, 占同期全球减贫人口总数的70%以上。建立覆盖13.5亿人口的基本医疗保险和9亿多人口的社会养老保险制度,为人类发展进步作出了我们的贡献。中国高速铁路已达2.5万公里,占世界高铁总里程三分之二,带动全球基础设施建设迈上新水平。根据国际权威机构民调,在世界各国中,中国民众对国家发展成就的满意度和对发展前景的信心始终名列第一。
    这条道路,向世界分享了共同发展的机遇。40年来,中国对外贸易额年均增长14.5%,为世界经济注入持久动力,提供了巨大市场。我们有信心继续保持经济向好势头,努力实现高质量发展,加快建设现代化经济体系,给世界创造更多贸易机会,为各国提供更好投资环境。中国决不会封闭倒退,开放的大门只会越开越大。中国也不会高筑壁垒,准入的门槛只会越降越低。…